An evidence describes the source of an annotation, e.g. Sorghum is believed to be originated in Africa considering it as a substantial food grain and an ingredient in beer. Sorghum streaky spot, bacterial leaf streak. Different types of Sorghum bicolor are recognized including grain sorghums, sweet sorghums, and grass sorghums. Sorghum is a very high nitrogen feeding crop. Common Name. Grain sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world and third most important cereal crop grown in the United States. Sorghum is used in various cultures to produce alcoholic beverages. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to the South West Pacific and Australasia. Night time temperatures below 13°C for more than a few days can severely impact the plant’s potential grain production. ›Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ›Sorghum bicolor milo ›Sorghum bicolor subsp. The main commercial species, Sorghum bicolor, has many subspecies and varieties that are divided into four groups—grain sorghums (such as milo), grass sorghums (for pasture and hay), sweet sorghums (formerly called "guinea corn," used to produce sorghum syrups), and broom corn (for brooms and brushes). Sorghum beer is called bjala in Northern Sotho and is traditionally made to mark the unveiling of a loved-one's tombstone. The .gov means it’s official. Sorghum has more side shoots than corn, putting out new shoots and producing several head-bearing culms from the nodes. There are claims that that sorghum-sap-based ethanol has 4 times the energy yield as corn-based ethanol; it is on par with sugar-cane. By the time the seed heads are filling, optimum water conditions are down to about 50 millimeters every 10 days. Help pages, FAQs, UniProtKB manual, documents, news archive and Biocuration projects. The sap could be used for ethanol while the grain is used for food (Blaney 2008). The FAO reports that cultivated sorghum likely arose from a wild form belonging to the subspecies verticilliflorum (FAO 1995a). 3. The United States is the world’s largest producer, followed by India and Nigeria (USGC 2008). These plants are utilized for grain, fiber, and fodder. In November 2006, Lakefront Brewery of Milwaukee,Wisconsin launched its "New Grist" gluten-free beer, brewed with sorghum and rice. Being drought tolerant and heat tolerant, it is especially important in arid regions. African sorghum beer is a brownish-pink beverage with a fruity, sour taste. johnsongrass. S. vulgare), which is an extensively cultivated species. It is especially adapted to grow in dry areas but, being so rich in diversity, it also grows well in temperate and high altitude environments. The root system is very fibrous, and can extend to a depth of up to 1.2 meters. In South Africa, sorghum meal is often eaten as a stiff porridge much like pap. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria.
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, The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation. Sorghum is an ancient cereal grain belonging to the grass family Poaceae. Common Name(s): sorghum : Taxonomic Status: Current Standing: accepted Data Quality Indicators: Record Credibility Rating: verified - standards met Global Species Completeness: partial : … Most cultivated varieties of sorghum can be traced back to Africa, where they grow on savanna lands. Holcus bicolor L. (1771) Setaria vulgare ; Sorghum cernuum (Ard.) Souring may be initiated using yogurt, sour dough starter cultures, or by spontaneous fermentation. We'd like to inform you that we have updated our Privacy Notice to comply There are small, wind-pollinated flowers grouped into spikelets. sorghum; Other Scientific Names. Phonetic Spelling SOR-gum ha-le-PEN-see This plant has low severity poison characteristics. 1995b. Sorghum, in general is a very competitive crop, and does well in competition with weeds in narrow rows. An average hectare producing 6.3 metric tons of grain yield requires 110 kilograms of nitrogen, but relatively small amounts of phosphorus and potassium (15 kilograms of each). Sorghum is used in the same way as barley to produce a "malt" that can form the basis of a mash that will brew a beer without gliadin or hordein (together "gluten") and therefore can be suitable for coeliacs or others sensitive to certain glycoproteins (Smagalski 2006). in India and Pakistan—where S. bicolor is not native. and the domesticated ones no earlier than CE 100. Even in a long drought severe enough to hamper sorghum production, it will still usually produce some seed on smaller and fewer seed heads. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Broomcorn sorghum: has multiple branches and is used for making brooms. The grain (kernel or seed) is small, reaching about three to four millimeters in diameter. Host; Sorghum vulgare Pers. Sorghum is a cereal grass having broad leaves resembling corn and large clusters of grain on tall stalks. Preferred Common Name. Packaging does not occur in sterile conditions and many microorganisms may contaminate the beer. Grain sorghum kernels vary in color from white through shades of red and brown to pale yellow to deep purple-brown. As grain sorghum is considered a “low-input” crop, N is typically one of the first inputs growers reduce in order to cut costs. Maximum photosynthesis is achieved at daytime temperatures of at least 30 °C. Common Names. The FAO reports that 440,000 square kilometers were devoted worldwide to sorghum production in 2004. Commercial Sorghum species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia, with one species native to Mexico. Sorghum streaky spot, bacterial leaf streak. Originally Linnaeus delineated three species of cultivated sorghum: Holcus sorgum, H. saccaratus, and H. tricolor. Some varieties are rich in antioxidants and all varieties are gluten-free, offering an alternative for those who suffer from wheat allergies (Herbst 2001).. Sorghum is used to produce such foods as porridges, breads, couscous, sorghum flour, syrup, malted flours for brewing, cookies, and cakes (FAO 1995b; USGC 2008). Broomcorns are use to produce fiber for brooms. Common names are from state and federal lists. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) notes that sorghum likely was taken from eastern Africa to India during the first millennium B.C.E. Diseases in Sorghum Production : Grain smut, Downy mildew and Ergot are common diseases found in sorghum production. Common Name: Sorghum, Common wild sorghum, Grain sorghum, Sudangrass: Family: Poaceae or Gramineae: USDA hardiness: 9-12: Known Hazards: The immature plant is poisonous, especially if slightly wilted, since it can contain the toxins hydrogen cyanide and the alkaloid hordenine[4, 142, 269]. African sorghum beer is a popular drink primarily amongst the black community for historical reasons. Sorghum is used for food, fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, the production of biodiesel, construction of brooms and brushes, and other purposes. Scientific Name. Sorghum vulgare var. Sorghum's yields are not affected by short periods of drought as severely as other crops such as maize because it develops its seed heads over longer periods of time, and short periods of water stress do not usually have the ability to prevent kernel development. Sudan grass; Other Scientific Names. In the United States, sorghum grain is used primarily as a maize substitute for livestock feed because their nutritional values are very similar. Common Name. It is the leading cereal grain produced in Africa (USGC 2008). Federal government websites always use a .gov or .mil domain. Commercial sorghum refers to the cultivation and commercial exploitation of species of grasses within the genus Sorghum. Sorghum vulgare) the grains of which are used to make flour and as cattle feed. Therefore, with an average emergence rate of 75%, sorghum should be planted at a rate of 2 to 12 kilograms of seed per hectare. This is suggested by the fact that the last wild relatives of commercial sorghum are currently confined to Africa south of the Sahara—although Zohary and Hopf (2000) add "perhaps" Yemen and Sudan. It has been found that yields can be boosted by ten to fifteen percent when optimum use of moisture and sunlight are obtained by planting in 25 centimeter rows instead of the conventional 1 meters rows. Rarely will you find a kernelless season for sorghum, even under the most adverse water conditions. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a less well-known grain in the world food market.It comes in a distant fifth for most produced grains—behind barley, rice, wheat, and corn. The task of making the beer falls traditionally to women. eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'newworldencyclopedia_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_0',162,'0','0'])); The genus Sorghum is one of about 600 genera in Poaceae. Sorghum is considered to be a “powerhouse of nutrition” (Herbst 2001) and is a rich source of protein, niacin, iron, and vitamin B1 and a good source of vitamin B2 (Bender and Bender 2005). ), cow pea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. It is deemed as the third largest food grain. Sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of poor people in the semiarid tropics of Africa and Asia. Common name i: Sorghum: Synonym i: Sorghum vulgare: Other names i ›Andropogon sorghum ›Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. (FAO 1995a). In addition to the eastern parts of the Muslim world, the crop was also grown in Egypt and later in Islamic Spain. Sorghum's ability to thrive with less water than maize may be due to its ability to hold water in its foliage better than maize. Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. A cereal, Sorghum bicolor (syn. Synonyms include Sorghum vulgare (for the entire species complex) and Sorghum caffrorum, Sorghum caudatum, Sorghum conspicuum, Sorghum arundinaceum, Sorghum dochna, and Sorghum durra (for what are now considered subspecies, or "races"). Sorghum is a staple food for more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. The lactic acid fermentation and/or alcoholic fermentation may still be active. Sorghum is well adapted to growth in hot, arid or semi-arid areas. Foliage The 2 ft. (0.6 m) long, lanceolate leaves are arranged alternately along a stout, hairless, somewhat upward branching stem and have distinct, white midribs. Therefore, if growers are applying 75 pounds N per acre, the top end yield potential will be approximately 68 bushels per acre. and that it existed there around 1000 B.C.E. Some hybrids commonly grown for feed have been developed to deter birds, and therefore contain a high concentration of tannins and phenolic compounds, which causes the need for additional processing to allow the grain to be digested by cattle. Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum (/ ˈ s ɔːr ɡ ə m /) and also known as great millet, durra, jowari / jowar, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production.Sorghum originated in Africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. bicolor grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor ssp. (1805) International Common Names. Compacted soil or shallow topsoil can limit the plants ability to deal with drought by limiting its root system. Sorghum sudanense; Preferred Common Name. 1 . S. bicolor grows in clumps that may reach over four meters high, although shorter, and easier to harvest varieties have been developed. Host; Sorghum vulgare Pers. sudanense (PIPER) SOO/HITCHC. The United States has held a share of seventy percent or more of the world trade throughout the last decade, with exports mainly to Mexico (USGC 2008). The name "sorghum" comes from Italian "sorgo," in turn from Latin "Syricum (granum)" meaning "grain of Syria.". Redbridge is the first sorghum based beer to be nationally distributed in the United States. common wild sorghum Sorghum bicolor ssp. 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