The aim was to use the gold of the New World to fund Crusades and to gain souls for Christianity. Thus, step by step, the Medici were approaching the status that they continued to refuse. The tympanum has the coat of arms of Pope Innocent VIII (center) and of the cardinals Giovanni and Ferdinando de Medici. In 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de' Medici ("the Magnificent") and his brother Giuliano were interred in the New Sacristy in an unmarked tomb beneath Michelangelo's statue of the Madonna. She was a daughter of Giacomo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano by his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini. Married elder son Franceschetto Cybo to the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his 13-year-old son Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X. Innocent VIII was anything but Pope Innocent VIII (papacy: 1484-1492) [40] According to Williamson and others, the statues of the lesser Lorenzo and Giuliano were carved by Michelangelo to incorporate the essence of the famous men. [10] Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote of the occasion, perhaps sarcastically, that he won "not by way of favour, but by his own valour and skill in arms". "[16], Lorenzo, groomed for power, assumed a leading role in the state upon the death of his father in 1469, when he was 20. Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed to death, but Lorenzo escaped with only a minor wound to the neck, having been defended by the poet Poliziano. Giovanni’s father was head of the Medici bank and Lord of Florence. Innocent VIII named eight cardinals in one consistory which was held on 9 March 1489; the pope named three of those cardinals in pectore (one of whom being a successor in Giovanni de' Medici who became Pope Leo X) with two of them having their names released after the pope died to ensure that they could vote in the 1492 conclave.. Death. “Behold, t is the Lord God that is leading all these armies”. The death of Pope Innocent VIII and Lorenzo de Medici mean that the balance of power, Pope Alexander VI (1492 – 1503) Rodrigo Brogia, Rodrigo Borgia had held the same position under five differnet popes, and as such, had, become immensely wealty. Basilica of Santa Maria in Domnica. First the Roman Curia in 1462, and then Lorenzo and the Medici Bank less than a year later, got involved in backing the mining operation, with the pope taking a two-ducat commission for each cantar quintal of alum retrieved and ensuring a monopoly against the Turkish-derived goods by prohibiting trade in alum with infidels. [citation needed] The marriage in person took place in Florence on 4 June 1469. The Pope died on 25 July 1492. [12][13], Piero sent Lorenzo on many important diplomatic missions when he was still a youth, including trips to Rome to meet the pope and other important religious and political figures. After a licentious youth, during which he had two illegitimate children, Franceschetto and Teodorina, he took orders and entered the service of Cardinal Calandrini. In his poetry, he celebrates life while acknowledging with melancholy the fragility and instability of the human condition, particularly in his later works. Innocent VIII named eight cardinals in one consistory which was held on 9 March 1489; the pope named three of those cardinals in pectore (one of whom being a successor in Giovanni de' Medici who became Pope Leo X) with two of them having their names released after the pope died to ensure that they could vote in the 1492 conclave. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII announced that these meetings had been taking place and. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he helped maintain among the various Italian states collapsed with his death. Using his influence to provide for […] [30] They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity. in Rome, and two of her weddings were held inside the Vatican. [2][3][4] Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico [loˈrɛntso il maɲˈɲiːfiko]) by contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. The season looks at how Lorenzo the Magnificent shaped the Medici family and the city of Florence during a time of city-state feuds and war that drew in the … [22] News of the conspiracy spread throughout Florence, and it was brutally put down by the populace through such measures as the lynching of the archbishop of Pisa and members of the Pazzi family who were involved in the conspiracy. An example includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to paint murals in the Sistine Chapel, a move that has been interpreted as sealing the alliance between Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.[30]. Lorenzo's agents retrieved from the East large numbers of classical works, and he employed a large workshop to copy his books and disseminate their content across Europe. 1467 wurde er Bischof von Savona und 1472 Bischof von Molfetta. Lorenzo played a role in bringing Savonarola to Florence. When his brother Piero de’ Medici (1471–1503) was expelled from Florence in 1494, Giovanni also went into exile, which he spent mainly in Città di Castello, Perugia, Urbino and Milan; in 1499 he travelled to Germany, the Netherlands and France. He held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the Italian peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the Italian Renaissance and the Golden Age of Florence. (bürgerlich Giulio de Medici; * 26. Er wurde am 7. As a cardinal, he was known for his veracious sexual. Born: 1475 ~ Florence, Italy Pope: 1513-21 Died: 1521, December 1 ~ Rome, Italy Note: Extravagant, renovated Vatican, indirectly caused Reformation He was born Giovanni de' Medici, the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and Clarice Orsini of the powerful de' Medici family of Florence, Italy. Immortality In King Gilgamesh 748 Words | 3 Pages. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued the Papal. September 1534 in Rom) aus der Familie der Medici war vom 18. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death. FREE study guides and infographics! Try our expert-verified textbook solutions with step-by-step explanations. The same year, 1493. Innocent then offered the Kingdom of Naples to King Charles VIII of France, who had a remote claim to Naples through the Angevin line. Witnessing the right opportunity to seize power for to survive, Lorenzo and Clarice embark on the journey where they would discover the darkest aspects of the pious papacy, when Lorenzo eventually obtains for what he has thrived so far. In 1492 he was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent VIII. Lorenzo was an artist and wrote poetry in his native Tuscan. Nepotism described as "lavish as it was shameless." In 1523, after serving four years as ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy as Pope Clement VII.[34]. Love, feasts and light dominate his verse.[29]. 1474 wurde Santa Cecilia in Trastevere seine Titelkirche. Pope Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cibò) Born at Genoa, 1432; elected 29 August, 1484; died at Rome, 25 July, 1492. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. [6] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, was equally at the centre of Florentine civic life, chiefly as an art patron and collector, while Lorenzo's uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, took care of the family's business interests. [20], In the aftermath of the Pazzi conspiracy and the punishment of supporters of Pope Sixtus IV, the Medici and Florence earned the wrath of the Holy See, which seized all the Medici assets that Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire government of Florence, and ultimately put the entire Florentine city-state under interdict. insisted on entering Florence with his intimidating army. [25], Efforts to acquire revenue from the mining of alum in Tuscany unfortunately marred Lorenzo's reputation. He hastily departed from Rome to beg the protection of his wife’s family, the powerful de’ Medici clan who ruled Florence. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Pope Innocent VIII was born in 1432 and passed his youth at the Neapolitan court. [18][19] Rival Florentine families inevitably harboured resentments over the Medicis' dominance, and enemies of the Medici remained a factor in Florentine life long after Lorenzo's passing. [7] She became her son's advisor after the deaths of his father and uncle. [35], Lorenzo died during the late night of 8 April 1492, at the longtime family villa of Careggi. As one of the wealthiest men in Europe, Cosimo spent a very large portion of his fortune on government and philanthropy, for example as a patron of the arts and financier of public works. He was the son of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de' Mari. Cardinal Giovanni Cibo lived a worldly life before the curia elected him Innocent VIII in 1484. Born into the prominent political and banking Medici family of Florence, Giovanni was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of the Florentine Republic, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489. By July 1492, Innocent had become very skinny. Even so, Pope Innocent VIII’s influence assured that his wastrel son received heavy-duty titles such as governor of Rome and Count of the Lateran Palace. The death of Pope Innocent VIII and Lorenzo de Medici mean that the balance of. Innocent VIII (1484–1492) Not married Yes (two) Both born before he entered the clergy. In 1487 he married his elder son Franceschetto Cybo (d. 1519) to Maddalena de' Medici (1473–1528), the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici , who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his thirteen-year-old son Giovanni, later Pope Leo X . He wrote, "I do not regret this for though many would consider it better to have a part of that sum in their purse, I consider it to have been a great honour to our state, and I think the money was well-expended and I am well-pleased."[31]. Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini by proxy on 7 February 1469. This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 13:32. [40], Lorenzo's heir was his eldest son, Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, known as "Piero the Unfortunate". On the request of German inquisitor Heinrich Kramer, Innocent VIII issued the papal bull known as Summis desiderantes (5 December 1484), which supported Kramer’s investigations against magicians and witches: “It has recently come to our ears, not without great pain to us, that in some parts of upper Germany, […] André Chastel, Art et Humanisme à Florence au temps de Laurent le Magnifique (Paris, 1959). [9] With his brother Giuliano, he participated in jousting, hawking, hunting, and horse breeding for the Palio, a horse race in Siena. Clemens VII. Lorenzo de' Medici (Italian pronunciation: [loˈrɛntso de ˈmɛːditʃi], 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492)[1] was an Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. Facade in Renaissance style (1512-1513), attributed to Andrea Sansovino (1467-1529), with porch with five arches separated by travertine pilasters. [41] In 1531, Lorenzo's nephew Giulio di Giuliano – whom Lorenzo had raised as his own son, and later became Pope Clement VII – formalized Medici rule of Florence by installing Alessandro de' Medici the city's first hereditary duke. Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (1472–1503), called "the Unfortunate", was ruler of Florence after his father's death Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici (1473–1528) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate son of Pope Innocent VIII) on 25 February 1487 and had seven children By July 1492, Innocent had become very skinny. Lorenzo's ally turned adversary friar tries to bring the truth to Florentine people, a dark fact that will most likely destroy the support Lorenzo always had in his friends and his own wife Clarice, leading to an unforeseen tragedy. [23] When these moves had little effect, Sixtus formed a military alliance with King Ferdinand I of Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, led an invasion of the Florentine Republic, still ruled by Lorenzo. Michelangelo lived with Lorenzo and his family for three years, dining at the family table and participating in discussions led by Marsilio Ficino. Charles VIII neverthelss. Lorenzo's ally turned adversary friar tries to bring the truth to Florentine people, a dark fact that will most likely destroy the support Lorenzo always had in his friends and his own wife Clarice, leading to an unforeseen tragedy. Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici (1478–1515), Lorenzo de' Medici is depicted as a teenager in. Following the death of Pope Julius II, Giovanni was elected pope after securing the backing of the younger members of the Sacred College. Innocent VIII, given name Giovanni Battista Cibo, Roman Catholic Pope from the 29th of August 1484 to the 25th of July 1492, successor of Pope Sixtus IV, was born at Genoa (1432), the son of Arano Cibo, who under Calixtus III had been a senator of Rome. In 1494, he squandered his father's patrimony and brought down the Medici dynasty in Florence. Obtained from Pope Innocent VIII. Innocent VIII, original name Giovanni Battista Cibo, (born 1432, Genoa—died July 25/26, 1492, Rome), pope from 1484 to 1492. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record.[27][28]. Cibo arbeitete um 1460 für Kardinal Filippo Calandrini. The Medici ruled Florence, and later all of Tuscany as well as Rome (the latter mostly from behind the scenes). The Medici may be credited with, among other feats, financing and fostering the great flourishing of the arts, humanities, an… During what is known as the Little Ice Age , the grip of freezing weather, failing of crops, rising crime, and mass starvation resulted in an increasing fear of witches. [5] On the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to stem the territorial ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the balance of the Italian League of 1454. [18], Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de' Medici, pursued a policy of maintaining peace, balancing power between the northern Italian states and keeping major European states such as France and the Holy Roman Empire out of Italy. The accepted version is that Columbus was dispatched in 1492 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, but Signor Marino said that the venture was originally financed by Innocent VIII and the Medici banking dynasty to which the Pope was related. [37] Many signs and portents were claimed to have taken place at the moment of his death, including the dome of Florence Cathedral being struck by lightning, ghosts appearing, and the lions kept at Via Leone fighting one another.[38]. His father prevailed on his relative Innocent VIII to name him cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica on 8 March 1489 when he was age 13. although he was not allowed to wear the insignia or share in the deliberations of the college until three years later. A bounty of 4,000, Florence sent out a delegation of four to undo what pieor had sneakily done behind the, city’s back. Assumed chief political power at age of twenty-one, upon the occasion of the death of his father, Piero, and ruled until his death in 1492. When King Ferrante of Naples died in 1494, Charles VIII announced his claim to the, Republic. Innocent VIII is not so innocent. Giovanni (1475–1521) became Pope Leo X. Luisa (or Luigia; 1477–1488), was betrothed to Giovanni il Popolano, but died young. His complexion was dark, and although his face was not handsome it was so full of dignity as to compel respect. Some days previously, as the story goes, a Jewish physician had infused the blood of three ten-year-old boys, who all died soon afterwards as a result of this. Lorenzo's mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was a writer of sonnets and a friend to poets and philosophers of the Medici Academy. Learn more about Politics and The Prince with Course Hero's Continue Reading. The Medici can’t demand the payment without risking papal fury. A key commodity in the glassmaking, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from only a few sources under the control of the Ottomans and monopolized by Genoa before the discovery of alum sources in Italy at Tolfa. Pre-Ecclesiastic Period. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico", "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence", "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Clement VII", "Alessandro de' Medici (1510–1537) • BlackPast", "Revisiting the renaissance with Assassin's Creed 2", "Who's who in 'Da Vinci's Demons' Season 2", "Daniel Sharman and Bradley James Join Netflix's 'Medici, "The Mouse that Michelangelo Did Carve in the Medici Chapel: An Oriental Comment to the Famous Article of Erwin Panofsky", Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_de%27_Medici&oldid=998458000, 15th-century people of the Republic of Florence, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Contessina Beatrice de' Medici, died shortly after her birth on 23 September 1474. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". Prelude [edit | edit source]. I endeavoured to find out where the story originated. Contessina (1478–1515) married Piero Ridolfi. HIST255 - Week 8 Lecture (2) - Pope Leo X, Rome, Castiglione, Cellini & the Sack.docx, Hist 255(7)The State-Florence,Milan,Venice-Lecture-Outline.doc, New York City College of Technology, CUNY, Eberhardt_[orig]_Cath_Hist_vol-2_searchable.pdf, INTI International College Subang • HISTORY HIS109S, New York City College of Technology, CUNY • HISTORY 102, University of California, Los Angeles • ITALIAN 42A, University of California, Los Angeles • COM SCI 118. In 1471, Lorenzo calculated that his family had spent some 663,000 florins (about US$460 million today) on charity, buildings and taxes since 1434. However, despite Medici help, the new pope tells Lorenzo that he cannot repay loans to the Medici banks since has to pay his soldiers. Pope Innocent VIII, in conflict with King Ferdinand I of Naples over Ferdinand's refusal to pay feudal dues to the papacy, excommunicated and deposed Ferdinand by a bull of 11 September 1489. 13. A mysterious inscription on his tomb in Saint Peter in Rome states: “Nel tempo del suo Pontificato, la gloria della scoperta di un nuovo mondo” (transl. Alum had been discovered by local citizens of Volterra, who turned to Florence to get backing to exploit this important natural resource. Lorenzo de' Medici appears as a supporting character to the protagonist. Janet Ross. 1477 (25th December) After Riaro was murdered in 1488 by supporters of the new pope, Innocent VIII, she acted as regent for her oldest son Ottaviano, who was not yet of age. Renaissance Papacy has such a horrid reputation for corruption. When the Pope was absent from Rome, Lucrezia acted as his fill-in. massacred the peope with shocking brutality. [42], Italian statesman and de facto dictator of the Florentine Republic, Paintings by Botticelli that use the Medici family as models. Charles met his with disdain, and Piero agreed to all of the terms, laid out by Charles. Groomed for greatness, Lorenzo the Magnificent was one of the more influential members of the Medici (when you say “the Medici,” you’re referring to the family as a whole so saying “the Medici family” is redundant), arguably the most powerful family of the Italian Renaissance. In March 1489, Cem, the captive brother of Bayezid II, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, came into Innocent's custody. As Pope, Rodrigo Borgia shamelessly promoted his family interests. Apart from a personal interest, Lorenzo also used the Florentine milieu of fine arts for his diplomatic efforts. The latter holds the two monumental tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano's less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours. 1475-d. 1521) was made Cardinal at the age of fourteen. The papal bull of Pope Innocent VIII known as Summis desiderantes (5 December 1484). Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492). He built a palace for his mistress, and openly enjoyed her charms. Innocent VIII Was the First Pope to Acknowledge His Illegitimate Children Openly. for money to help defend the city, it was met with pessimistic response from the people. a Spaniard Pope. [39], Lorenzo was buried with his brother Giuliano in the Church of San Lorenzo in the red porphyry sarcophagus designed for Piero and Giovanni de' Medici, not, as might be expected, in the New Sacristy, designed by Michelangelo. Maddalena (1473–1519), married Franceschetto Cybo, illegitimate son of Pope Innocent VIII. 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